dogs vitamin e

Degenerative Myelopathy German Shepherd Dogs R.M. Clemmons, DVM, PhD Associate Professor of Neurology & Neurosurgery Small Animal Clinical Sciences

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The Disease:
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Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) was first described as a specific
degenerative neurologic disease in 1973. Since then, much has been
done to understand the processes involved in the disease and into the
treatment of DM. Hopefully, this will help you understand the problem
and to explain further the steps that can be taken to help dogs
afflicted with DM.

The age at onset is 5 to 14 years, which corresponds to the third to
sixth decades of human life. Although a few cases have been reported
in other large breeds of dogs, the disease appears with relative
frequency only in the German Shepherd breed, suggesting that there is
a genetic predisposition for German Shepherd dogs (GSD) in developing
DM. The work presented here and by others on the nature of DM has been
performed in the German Shepherd breed. Care must be taken in
extrapolating this information to other breeds of dogs. It is
currently not known whether the exact condition exists in other breeds
of dogs. Many dogs may experience a spinal cord disease (myelopathy)
which is chronic and progressive (degenerative); but, unless they are
caused by the same immune-related disease which characterizes DM of
GSD, the treatments described herein may be ineffectual. The breeds
for which there is data to suggest that they also suffer from DM of
GSD are the Belgium Shepherd, Old English Sheep Dog, Rhodesian
Ridgeback, Weimaraner and, probably, Great Pyrenees. Confirmation of
the diagnosis is important in other breeds before assuming that they
have DM of GSD.

Diagnosis of DM is made by a history of progressive spinal ataxia and
weakness that may have a waxing and waning course or be steadily
progressive. This is supported by the neurologic findings of a diffuse
thoracolumbar spinal cord dysfunction. Clinical pathologic
examinations are generally normal except for an elevated cerebral
spinal fluid (CSF) protein in the lumbar cistern. Electromyographic
(EMG) examination reveals no lower motor unit disease, supporting the
localization of the disease process in the white matter pathways of
the spinal cord. Spinal cord evoked potentials recorded during the EMG
do show changes which help determine the presence of spinal cord
disease. Radiographs of the spinal column including myelography are
normal (other than old age changes) in uncomplicated DM.
Unfortunately, myelography can be associated with worsening of
clinical signs and carries some degree of risk for certain patients.

Dogs afflicted with DM have depressed lymphocyte blastogenesis to
plant mitogens. The depression of their cell mediated immune responses
correlates with the clinical stage and severity of the disease.
Furthermore, this suppression has been shown to be due to the genesis
of a circulating suppressor cell. Some dogs with DM exhibit
antigen-binding cells specific to canine myelin basic protein.
Immunoglobulins have been shown to be bound within lesions within the
spinal cords of dogs with DM. These patients also show increased
circulating immune-complexes in their sera. The antigens in these
immune-complexes have been examined and appear to be markers of
inflammation as they have been found to exist in patients who have
other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
2-Dimensional electrophoresis of CSF proteins indicates that the
elevated proteins in the CSF of DM patients represent changes which
are related to inflammation. While these changes are not specific for
DM, the other conditions in which the inflammatory proteins have been
found in CSF can be differentiated by clinical signs. The
2-dimensional electrophoresis of CSF proteins appears to be one of the
most specific change seen in DM. Recently, we have found that CSF
levels of the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, are elevated in patients
with DM. Again, this occurs in other forms of central nervous system
inflammation in dogs. However, when combined with the history,
neurologic signs, CSF protein concentration and EMG, the elevated CSF
acetylcholinesterase level helps confirm the diagnosis. This allows
the inclusion of DM in the diagnosis, even if other problems are
uncovered during the examination.

The gross pathologic examination of dogs with DM generally is not
contributory toward the diagnosis. The striking features being the
reduction of rear limb and caudal axial musculature. The microscopic
neural tissue lesions consist of widespread demyelination of the
spinal cord, with the greatest concentration of lesions in the
thoracolumbar spinal cord region. In severely involved areas, there is
also a reduced number of axons, an increased number of astroglial
cells and an increased density of small vascular elements. In the
thoracic spinal cord, nearly all funiculi are vacuolated. Similar
lesions are occasionally seen scattered throughout the white matter of
the brains from some dogs, as well. Many patients have evidence of
plasma cell infiltrates in the kidneys on throughout the
gastrointestinal tract, providing a hint to the underlying immune
disorder causing DM.

During the past two decades, we, at the University of Florida, have
provided important new insights into the pathoetiology of DM. The
release of antigens during the disease process could explain the
immune deficits seen in DM and suggests that processing these
immune-complexes by circulating macrophages leads to the development
of the circulating suppressor cells that were previously noted. This
provides a logical explanation for the presence of immune
abnormalities in GSD with DM. Electrophoresis of immune-complexes
demonstrates that the proteins present are inflammatory proteins which
increase in inflammatory diseases of the dog nervous system. It is
hoped that working with the antigens present in the immune-complexes
will lead to a major breakthrough in our understanding of DM and that
this also could lead to an early serodiagnostic test for the
condition. However, the development of a serodiagnostic test will
await the availability of antibodies specific to unique markers within
the inflammatory proteins of DM dog immune-complexes.

While the cause of the altered immune system is not known, what is
increasingly clear is that DM is caused by an autoimmune disease
attacking the nervous systems of patients, leading to progressive
neural tissue damage. In many respects, DM is similar to what has been
discovered about the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis in human
beings. In fact, based upon new data concerning the pathology of MS,
we can now say with some degree of certainty that DM is MS in dogs. We
believe that, due to some triggering factor, immune-complexes
circulate. These immune-complexes lead to endothelial cell damage in
the vessels of the CNS. Subsequently, fibrin is deposited in the
perivascular spaces. When this degrades (point of action of
aminocaproic acid), inflammatory cells are stimulated to migrate into
the lesions. The inflammatory cells release prostaglandins and
cytokines (point of action of vitamin E and C) which leads to the
activation of tissue enzymes and the formation of oxygen free-radicals
(point of action of acetylcysteine) which, in turn, leads to tissue
damage. Treatment of DM of GSD, which we recommend, is directed at
these pathologic processes.

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The Integrative Medical Approach to Treatment of Degenerative
Myelopathy:
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The treatment of DM involves four basic approaches:

1) exercise

2) dietary supplementation

3) medication

4) other supportive measures

Rationale:

Degenerative Myelopathy is an autoimmune disease whereby the patient's
own immune system attacks their central nervous system. This immune
attack leads to loss of myelin (insulation around nerve fibers) and
axons (nerve fibers). While it begins and is most severe within the
thoracolumbar (middle back) spinal cord, DM also affects other areas
of the central nervous system including the brain stem and
sub-cortical white matter. The cause of this autoimmune disease is not
known, but there are probably genetic, environmental and toxic factors
which eventually lead to its development. Conventional medicine has
little to offer patients with DM. On the other hand, use of exercise,
certain vitamins and selected drugs have delayed or prevented
progression of DM in many afflicted dogs. While these treatment
modalities have been directed at suppression of the clinical signs,
little has been done to prevent the development of this autoimmune
disease.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a rationale for treatment of
German Shepherd dogs afflicted with DM with dietary alternatives and
certain dietary supplements, hoping to prevent or correct the immune
dysfunction which leads to the development of DM. Most of the
suggestions presented here have been extrapolated from the human
disease most similar to DM in dogs, Multiple Sclerosis, or its animal
model, experimental allergic encephalitis. Additional information
about the integrative treatment of MS can be found on Dr. Weil's web
page (http://www.drweil.com). Dr. Weil teaches integrative medicine at
the University of Arizona's Medical School.

Exercise:

The importance of regular aerobic exercise in the prevention of
chronic degenerative diseases should not be overlooked. Many studies
in human beings have demonstrated improved muscle performance, memory
and cerebral blood flow in patients who undertake aerobic exercise.
Many of the goals of treatment in DM are obtainable through regular
exercise. Two forms of exercise seem the most useful: walking and
swimming. Both have their merits and they may not be exclusive. A
number of owners have reported that swimming assists dogs beyond the
exercise of mere walking. Swimming generally increases muscle tone and
allows movement without stress on joints. Walking, on the other hand,
helps build strength, since gravity is involved. In older patients,
particularly those with arthritis, gradually building the exercise
program is important. In addition, allowing a day of rest between
heavy workouts can help the patient recover faster from the exercise.
A good general reference of exercise physiology and exercise programs
is a book by Jeff Galloway: Galloway's Book on Running, Shelter
Publications, Inc., Bolinas, CA, 1984.

Exercise is extremely important in maintaining the well being of
affected dogs, maximizing muscle tone and maintaining good circulation
and conditioning. This is best achieved by an increasing schedule of
alternative day exercise. Running loose on the owner's property is not
adequate; regular periods of programmed continuous exercise are the
most important. It is equally important that the patient with DM be
allowed to rest on the day when exercise is not programmed. This will
allow strained muscles and tendons to heal and increase the build up
of muscle strength. The dogs do not have to be confined, only that
they are not encouraged to do strenuous exercise on the "off" day. I
recommend starting with 5-10 minutes of walking or swimming every
other day for 2 weeks. Then, increase the length of exercise time to a
goal of 30 minutes twice a week and a long walk of 1 hour once a week.
If your dog already exceeds this limits, that is fine. However,
remember to provide a day of easier exercise between vigorous
workouts. This is particularly important as the patient gets older. If
the patient exhibits muscle or joint stiffness on the day following
vigorous exercise, try ginger, garlic, mustard and feverfew to reduce
inflammation. Alternately, carprofen (Rimadyl 2 mg/kg twice a day) or
acetaminophen (5 mg/kg up to 3 times a day) may help make the patient
more comfortable. Many DM patients have remained functional because of
exercise alone. We use to think that hospitalization was harmful to
patients. We now know it is the lack of exercise which is harmful.
Make sure your pet gets their exercise if they are hospitalized or
kenneled for any period of time.

Supplementation:

Dietary Considerations:

Dietary and dietary supplement management of DM has not received great
attention. We, and others, have long sense recommended certain dietary
additives do in part to deficient levels of certain vitamins in dogs
afflicted with DM, yet dietary supplementation has not resulted in
more than mild reduction in the rate of progression of the clinical
signs. On the other hand, diet may have a powerful influence on the
development of chronic degenerative diseases and new information
suggests that dietary regulation might play a more significant role in
the progression and development of diseases like MS. Elimination of
toxins from pre-processed food may assist in preventing a number of
immune-related disorders. The current treatment of DM is designed to
suppress the immune disease, but does nothing to correct the immune
alterations which led to the disease state. Diet might help in
correcting this defect and allow the immune system in DM dogs to
stabilize. The principles of dietary therapy are outlined here,
including a "home-made" diet. For those who cannot "cook" for their
dog, the basic diet should be supplemented with the additional
ingredients list below. It is best to choose a dog food which is close
in protein content and is as "natural" as possible. Wild dogs were not
meat eaters. They ate bodies, including intestinal contents (often
laden with plants and plant materials). Dogs have evolved so that
eating animal fats and protein do not cause them to suffer the same
problems as human beings when eating these sources of saturated fats.
Even so, dogs probably suffer from the same causes of dietary and
environmental intoxication which affects human beings.

The basic diet and its components have been checked for balance. In
addition to the basic components, we are adding vitamins, minerals and
natural herb supplements for which no specific requirement is known or
at levels which are to provide a specific pharmacologic effect. Again,
we recommend those compounds which scientific evidence supports their
efficacy. Used according to the following formula, the diet and
compounds should not do any harm and have the potential to do good. By
cooking for your dog, you can select healthy products which do not
have preservatives and additives which might be harmful. In addition,
you have the option to use organically grown foods. If the dietary
approach is successful, DM patients may not need to use other
medications to prevent further deterioration. It is also possible that
this diet might prevent the development of DM in dogs who are
presently healthy. These hypotheses will be evident in the future, if
they remain true.

Basic diet: (based upon 1 serving size for 30-50 pounds body weight)

1. oz Boneless Pork Center Loin Chop (boiled, baked or fried in olive oil)

1. oz Tofu (soybean curd)

1. oz Long Grain Brown Rice (3 oz cooked in 6 oz water)

1. tsp Extra Virgin Olive Oil

¼ cup Molasses

1. Whole Carrots (boiled and then cut up)

1. cup Spinach (cooked)

1. Tbs Green Bell Pepper (chopped and steamed)

1. Broccoli Spears (boiled and then cut up)

This diet (1 serving for 30-50 pounds body weight) provides
approximately 1160-1460 calories per serving. You can substitute
poultry meats, beef and lamb for the pork chop. This will alter the
composition slightly, mainly by added additional fat. The weight of
meat is based upon boneless weight. Most of the items can be prepared
in a microwave. Based upon your dogs body weight, you will need to
make more or less. For example, if your dog weighs 80 pounds, multiply
all the ingredients by 1.5 (can be as high as 2.5 times, though),
keeping their relative proportions. This is a starting point. You can
also make this portion of the diet in advance, aliquot it into
appropriate quantities and freeze it for later use. Just before
feeding time, remove the diet from the freezer and thaw in hot (or
boiling) water or microwave to defrost. To complete the diet, add
(amount per serving) before serving:

1. tsp Dry Ground Ginger

1. Raw Garlic Cloves (crushed)

½ tsp Dry Mustard

1. tsp Bone Meal

Using the above diet, approximately 1 serving equals 1 can of
commercial dog food. The exact requirements for your dog can be
approximated by substituting the diet on that basis. You should weigh
your dog each week, if losing weight, increase the amount of the diet
given. If gaining weight, cut back on the amount given. Eventually,
the correct amount will be clear. The reason why the amount has such a
broad range in that ideas about the daily caloric requirements vary.
Since many German Shepherds have sensitive stomachs, it may be wise to
phase in the new diet by mixing it with their existing food until they
have adapted. Start by mixing the diet with their existing food in
equal amounts. After 1 week increase the diet to 75% of their food.
After another week, switch completely over to the diet. This diet is
balanced and high in most of the vitamins and minerals which your dog
will need. Any shortcomings will be corrected with the supplements
given below as part of the treatment.

Note: The general purpose of the diet is to provide excellent quality
of ingredients with protein coming from Soybean curd (tofu). Tofu
contains many valuable flavonoids and other ingredients which promote
health. If you decide to use a commercial food, you may want to use a
Soybean Concentrate which contains these ingredients, but lacks the
extra protein. Alternatively, you can add tofu to the diet (5-6
oz/day) and add honey or molasses to it (¼ cup) to make it taste
better. Reduce the commercial diet by 25-33% and monitor your dogs
weight, reducing or increasing the commercial diet accordingly. The
addition of raw garlic is to provide garlic's anti-inflammatory action
and (since it is raw) to provide an antibiotic action. Raw garlic is
anti-bacterial and anti-fungal. This action is lost when garlic is
cooked or dried. Dry ginger is also a good anti-inflammatory. Together
with garlic, dry ginger can replace the need for aspirin-like (NSAID)
drugs. Fresh ginger or pickled ginger are also good anti-emetic
compounds, calming the stomach. Mustard provides ingredients which
support improved digestion and bowel function. So, raw garlic, dry
ginger (occasionally using fresh or pickled ginger) and dry mustard
should be added to the food, even if it is commercial. These will not
unbalance the commercial food, providing important drug properties
without the side-effects of "non-natural" drugs. Using the vegetables,
the diet also provides many nutrient and vitamins which are not found
in commercial dog food. If commercial dog food is given, giving extra
Soy Concentrate, Soy Lecithin and Beta-Carotene to the diet will
improve the commercial food. They are not needed, if you feed the
above diet. The diet provides a balanced, moderate protein and fat
diet which is high in many essential nutrients. The only commercial
food which fulfills many of the goals is Nature's Recipe Canine
Vegetarian Diet, available from many specialty pet supply stores.

Supplements (dietary):

Vitamins:

B-Complex:

B vitamins are water soluble and any excess amount will be
eliminated through the urine. They may help in neural regeneration
and are something which should be given to dogs. No dog should die
while having cheap urine. In DM, there is altered absorption of
some B vitamins and supplementation can correct this. If your dog
is healthy, then give high potency B-complex (containing
approximately 50 mg of most of the B components). If your dog has
DM, give stress formula B-complex containing 100 mg of most of the
B components.

Yeast:

Nutritional yeast, in powder or flake form, is a good source of
the B-complex vitamins, trace minerals, and some protein. It is
not expensive. A heaping tablespoon of yeast will color your dog's
urine yellow (owing to its content of riboflavin). You may
sprinkle it on the diet, as an alternative to giving your dog a
B-complex pill. However, it may be more difficult to be sure you
are giving the right dose. Try 1-2 T with eat meal.

Antioxidants:

Vitamin E:

Vitamin E is an important nutrient which has been shown to have a
number of physiologic and pharmacologic effects. It is a potent
antioxidant and reduces fat oxidation and increases the production
of HDL cholesterol. At higher doses it also reduces cyclooxygenase
and lipooxygenases activities, decreasing production of
prostaglandins and leukotreines. As such, it is a potent
anti-inflammatory drug. It will reduce platelet function and
prolong the bleeding time slightly in healthy individuals. There
is no known side-effects to vitamin E at levels less than
4000-6000 IU per day (except in cats, where levels >400 IU/day
might create hepatolipidosis). This drug slows the progression of
DM and corrects for low serum and tissue levels. In DM, there does
appear to be a deficient absorption and tissue-binding protein
which accounts for the low serum and tissue concentrations of
vitamin E. I recommend that vitamin E be given to all German
Shepherd dogs. For GSD under 2 years of age, give 400 IU of
vitamin E daily. For GSD over 2 years of age, give 800 IU of
vitamin E daily. If your dog develops DM, then the dose of vitamin
E should be increased to 2000 IU daily.

Vitamin C:

Vitamin C works with vitamin E and helps regenerate vitamin E,
potentiating its antioxidant effect. Vitamin C supplementation
does no harm, since the excess is excreted through the kidney.
While dogs produce vitamin C in their bodies (unlike human beings,
pigs and guinea pigs who must have it in their diet), under stress
or disease, they may need vitamin C in excess of their
manufacturing capacity. In excessive dose, vitamin C can cause
flatulence and diarrhea. This intestinal tolerance level varies
among dogs, but is generally around 3000 mg per day in an adult
GSD. I recommend this be given to all GSD. For GSD under 2 years
of age, give 250 mg vitamin C twice a day. For GSD over 2 years of
age, give 500 mg of vitamin C twice a day. If your dog develops
DM, then increase the vitamin C to 1000 mg twice a day unless this
level causes diarrhea.

Selenium:

Selenium is an important mineral which has antioxidant properties
similar to vitamin E. Vitamin E can replace the requirement for
selenium in the body, but selenium cannot substitute for vitamin
E. In addition, selenium does not cross the blood-brain barrier
like vitamin E. On the other hand, selenium may help allow vitamin
E to be more effective. Many plant sources are low in selenium and
supplementation may be important. Selenium can create toxicity if
given at too high a level; therefore, never give more that 200 µg
of selenium per day in large dogs nor more than 100 µg per day to
small dogs. Below these levels, selenium should be safe. I
recommend giving selenium to GSD. For GSD under 2 years of age,
give 100 µg of selenium daily. For GSD over 2 years of age, give
200 µg of selenium daily.

Membrane stabilizers:

Omega-3 fatty acids:

Omega-3 fatty acids like EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA
(docosahexaenoic acid) are the constituents of fish oils that act
as anti-inflammatory agents and may be worth trying if your dog
has an autoimmune disorder or arthritis. Many versions of these
substances are on the shelves of health-food stores, from salmon
oil to capsules of concentrated EPA. However, eating some cooked
salmon or sardines may have benefits over capsular forms of the
fish oils. Alternatively, you can give ground flax seeds, flax
oil, or hemp oil as a dietary supplement; rather than fish oils.
These materials will reduce platelet function for a brief period
in dogs, but it seems that dogs compensate for this within about 8
weeks. Omega-3 fatty acids replace the 2-series fatty acids over
time. As such, cellular stimulation produces 3-series
prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The latter does not cause
inflammation and reduce blood flow like the 2-series thromboxanes.
I recommend all dogs receive a 1000 mg of fish oil capsule, 1 T
ground flax seeds or eat 2 sardines every day.

Gammalinolenic acid:

Borage oil, evening primrose oil or black currant oil, are natural
sources of gammalinolenic acid, a fatty acid which is hard to get
in the diet. GLA is an effective anti-inflammatory agent with none
of the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. It also promotes
healthy growth of skin, hair, and nails. It may be good for skin
conditions, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. It takes six to
eight weeks to see changes after adding GLA to the diet. I
recommend all dogs receive 500 mg of GLA twice a day, either as
borage oil, evening primrose oil or as black currant oil.

Soybean Lecithin:

Lecithin is a fat-like substance found in the cells of the body.
It may combat atherosclerosis, improve memory, and fight
Alzheimer's disease in human beings. However, there is no
scientific evidence to support these claims. On the other hand,
lecithin is harmless. It is not necessary as a supplement unless
your dog has DM and you elect not to use the diet proposed above.
(There is plenty of soybean lecithin in the tofu.) If you decide
to use commercial dog food, add 1-2 tsp of soybean lecithin
granules to the food at each feeding.

Coenzyme Q:

Coenzyme Q also called Co-Q-10, is a natural substance that
assists in oxidative metabolism. It may improve the utilization of
oxygen at the cellular level, and patients with heart, muscle and
nerve problems may find it worth trying in doses of 30-100
milligrams a day. Some human beings report that it increases their
aerobic endurance. Coenzyme Q is harmless, but not cheap. It is
probably not worth supplementing your dog with Coenzyme Q, if it
is healthy. However, since DM patients suffer from nervous system
problems, muscle wasting and need aerobic endurance, I recommend
giving DM patients 100 mg Coenzyme Q daily.

Tonic herbs (natural remedies):

Ginkgo leaves:

One tonic I recommend is an herbal preparation made from the
leaves of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo bilboa). Recently extracts of
ginkgo leaves have attracted much attention from researchers
because of their ability to increase blood flow to the brain. You
can buy capsules of these extracts in most health-food stores,
although different brands vary considerably in their content of
active ingredients (ginkgocides). Ginkgo is nontoxic. For DM dogs,
give 1 capsule twice a day.

Ginseng: (males only)

Two species of ginseng are available: Oriental ginseng (Panax
ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Both are full
of compounds (ginsenosides) that work on the pituitary-adrenal
axis, increasing resistance to stress and affecting metabolism,
skin and muscle tone, and hormonal balance. Oriental ginseng is
more of a stimulant and can raise blood pressure in some people,
so I recommend using only the American species for dogs. Ginseng
probably has little to offer young dogs, but may provide an
increase in vitality to an older one. I recommend using 1 capsule
of American ginseng once or twice a day in male dogs over 6 years
of age. (Obviously, this includes male GSD who have DM!)

Dong quai: (females only)

Dong quai is a Chinese herbal remedy made from the root of
Angelica sinensis, a large plant in the carrot family. It is often
called "female ginseng," because it is a general tonic for women
and the female reproductive system in much the same way that
ginseng acts as a tonic for men and the male reproductive system.
Dong quai is available in the form of encapsulated extracts. It is
a good general remedy for female dogs who lack energy. I recommend
using 1 capsule of dong quai once or twice a day for female dogs
over 5 years of the age.

Green tea:

Green tea is a good general tonic and has some cholesterol
lowering effects. It also contains theophylline which can help
boost energy. It is available as a capsular extract or you can
make green tea and add it to the diet. I recommend 1 capsule (or
cup) twice a day for DM dogs.

Grape seed extract:

A great deal of recent evidence supports the value of grape seed
extract in reducing free radicals and decreasing the chances of
developing chronic diseases. It is best to use standardized
extracts. Alternatively, your dog can drink 1 cup of "purple"
grape juice. The dose of the extract is 1 capsule (50 mg) daily
for DM dogs.

Hydergine:

One prescription drug hydergine, derived from ergot (a natural
fungus) may be worth trying, since it appears to help regeneration
of nerve cells and fibers. It is nontoxic; however, some dogs
experience GI upset and diarrhea when starting hydergine. It is
probably best to start it at 2.5 mg three times a day for 2 weeks.
If no problems are seen, then increase to the dose of 5 mg every 8
hours. Unfortunately, it is expensive, since you will have to give
high doses for months or years; cheaper generic forms are
available from Westlab Pharmacy (1-800-4WESTLA). For dogs with
advanced DM, give 5 mg three times a day for at least three
months. I only recommend this for dogs with advanced DM, since it
can cause GI upset, holding it in reserve until truly needed. Your
veterinarian will have to prescribe it for you.

Siberian Ginseng:

Siberian ginseng is derived from the root of a large, spiny shrub
(Eleutherococcus senticosus) found in Siberia and northern China.
It is a relative of true ginseng, but has entirely different
properties. Siberian ginseng has "adaptogenic" properties and
reduces physiologic responses to stress. Scientific investigations
suggest it increases physical performance and endurance and
improves immune function. For dogs with DM, given 1 capsule twice
a day.

Bromelain/Curcumin:

Bromelain is an extract of pineapple stems which has the property
of decreasing circulating immune-complexes. As such, there is no
Western medicine which is its equal. Since many of the
complications and the direct initiation of the immune damage may
be caused by the elevated immune-complexes in DM, bromelain may be
an important key in helping to control the progression of DM.
Curcumin (the yellow pigment of turmeric plants) is a potent
anti-inflammatory agent. Bromelain and curcumin have a synergistic
effect whereby they assist the absorption of each other from the
gastrointestinal tract, increasing their potency. As such, they
should be given together. Many health food stores carry
combinations of bromelain and curcumin. For dogs with DM, give
400-500 mg of bromelain with 500-400 mg of curcumin twice a day.
(Curcumin is found in low concentrations in the spices turmeric
and yellow mustard. As such, it is possible to replace the
"capsule" form by adding 1-2 Tbs of turmeric and 1-2 tsp of dry
yellow mustard to the diet.)

Feverfew:

Feverfew is a natural NSAID compound without the side-effects of
prescription drugs. It can be used in dogs with pain or arthritis
to help reduce inflammation and discomfort. I do not recommend it
for routine use; but, if your dog has pain from arthritis, give 1
capsule every 8-12 hours as needed. You can use this for 5 days
out of the week, safely.

Note: WestLab Pharmacy has developed a palatable
vitamin/mineral/herb product (Antiox-Q) which contains bovine
cartilage, coenzyme Q, vitamin E, GLA, omega fatty acids,
selenium, ginkgo, bromelain, curcumin, olive oil and B complex.
This product contains the correct dosage of these compounds and
only needs the addition of vitamin C, the ginsengs, green tea and
grape seed to be complete. They may be contacted at
1-(800)-4WESTLA 1-(352)-373-8111, locally.

Medication:

Over the last 2 decades, we have found 2 medications which appear to
prevent progression or result in clinical remission of DM in many (up
to 80%) of the patients. These medications are aminocaproic acid
(EACA) and n-acetylcysteine (NAC). We recommend giving EACA as a
solution, using the generic product. This product, while designed for
injection, can be mixed with chicken broth to provide a palatable
solution for oral usage. We mix 2 parts of aminocaproic acid solution
(250 mg/ml) with 1 part chicken broth and give 3 ml of this mixture
orally every 8 hours. In our experience, this mixture has been
equally, if not more, effective to the tablet form of EACA. Besides,
the solution is much less expensive than the tablets. The generic form
of EACA solution can be obtained from American Regent, 1-(800)
645-1706 (outside of NY). The generic drug from American Regent may be
obtained through prescription with the help from a local pharmacy. An
alternative source for EACA is to have a compounding pharmacy make the
solution from chemical grade EACA. One such pharmacy is WestLab
Pharmacy in Gainesville, FL. They can be reached at 1-(800) 4WESTLA
1-(352) 373-8111, locally and can mail the medication and bill the
client directly. The only side effects that have been attributed to
EACA have been occasional gastrointestinal irritation. This presents a
problem only in a few patients, usually who have pre-existing GI
problems that the medication might exaggerate. A local pharmacist can
help in determining whether any additional drugs might be
contra-indicated or lead to possible drug-interactions with the
recommended therapy. The only known interaction is with estrogen
compounds; but, only in high doses.

Acetylcysteine is a potent anti-oxidant which has powerful
neuroprotective effects. We give 75 mg/kg divided in 3 doses a day for
2 weeks. Then, we give the 3 doses every other day. The
N-acetylcysteine comes as a 20% solution and must be diluted with
chicken broth (or other compatible substitute) to 5%. Otherwise, it
will cause stomach upset. This new treatment is expensive unless
purchased through compounding pharmacies. Again, WestLab Pharmacy has
this product and can send it to clients upon veterinary prescription.
Using N-acetylcysteine at the above dosing does not appear to have
side-effects. It can produce vomiting and may increase the bleeding
time. The GI upset is likely due to the sodium content of the
pharmaceutical product, which requires high concentration of base to
buffer to pH 7.4. By reducing the pH during preparation, WestLab's
product does not have as many side-effects. Giving fresh ginger 30
minutes before and giving the NAC with food (or on a full stomach)
often reduces this effect.

The combination of aminocaproic acid, N-acetylcysteine, dietary
supplements and exercise is the best treatment we have been able to
discover to date. It corrects those aspects of the immune dysfunction
which we can treat, based upon our belief that DM is an
immune-mediated inflammatory disease. We always hope that all patients
will respond to our treatment protocol. Unfortunately, it does not
work in all cases; however, this combined treatment has been up to 80%
effective in patients diagnosed at the University of Florida. The
chances of successful treatment are improved if the therapy is begun
early in the course of DM rather than later. A response to the drugs
should be evident within the first 7-10 days. There is no other
medications that we have found to provide any real benefits in the
long term treatment of DM. Further information about other treatments
may be found in Current Therapy X, pages 830-833 and in Vet. Clin.
Nor. Am. 22:965-971, 1992.

Other Supportive Measures:

Heartworm medication:

Since the monthly heartworm medications (Heartgard, Heartgard plus and
Interceptor) increase immune responsiveness, we do not recommend using
these products. Instead, we recommend plain diethylcarbamazine (DEC or
Filaribits) which must be given daily. I do not recommend Filaribits
plus (some dogs experience liver problems using it). If your dog is
currently taking a monthly heartworm preventative, you must give one
last dose and start the daily medication the next day. This is because
the medications work at different points in the heartworm
"life-cycle". Revolution, which is a new topical heartworm
preventative, does not alter the immune response like the other
monthly products. As such, Revolution should be safe to use in DM to
control internal (and external) parasites.

Flea prevention:

Many of the old and new flea product can cause problems when certain
neurologic conditions are present. As such, we recommend using boron,
pyrethrums and Precor as the main control methods. Of the new
medications, Frontline Spray and Revolution may be safe to use.

Acupuncture:

The traditional Chinese art of insertion of needles into various
specific points of the body (with injection of small amounts of fluid
or electrical stimulation) has been shown to provide analgesia and
relief from acute and chronic pain. This has the advantage of having
none of the side-effects of analgesic drugs. In addition, acupuncture
can do no harm. In DM, acupuncture alone slows the condition, but does
not stop the progress. One the other hand, DM patients who have
concurrent arthritis may benefit from acupuncture therapy.

Dietary Cartilage:

In many cases of degenerative joint disease with arthritis, recent
studies have suggested that glycosaminoglycans and chondroitin sulfate
may help reduce pain and inflammation from osteoarthritis, assisting
in the healing process. While these products are available through
health-food stores or a pharmaceutical medication through your
veterinarian, you can give these to your dog directly by giving cooked
cartilage. Sources of dietary cartilage would included cooked and
"de-bone" chicken wings or using cooked spare ribs as the meat source
in the diet. Why pay for cartilage products if it can be gotten for
free in the dietary source. Some people taught the benefits of shark
cartilage, but there are no scientific studies to support these
claims. (It is also ecologically unsound to kill sharks to harvest
their cartilage.) On the other hand, increase dietary cartilage can do
no harm, particularly in the face of arthritis. In DM patients with
arthritis, I recommend 1-2 grams of dietary cartilage with each meal.
Another alternative is bovine gelatin (Knox gelatin or Knox
Nutrajoint) which can be added to the food (1-2 packages per feeding).
In some dogs, using glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate complex will be
beneficial in controlling joint pain and stimulating healing; however,
dietary cartilage has these compounds along with other important
ingredients. Forms of glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate complex are
available at health food store. (These are cheaper than products
available from your veterinarian and may work as well) I recommend
around 1200 mg of glucosamine and 1500 mg of chondroitin sulfate
daily, if other forms of cartilage are not available.

Stress Reduction:

DM progresses at different rates and "stress" plays a role in its
advancement. Minimizing stressful situations is important where
possible. While anesthesia does not appear to cause problems with DM;
in the past, even minor invasive surgical procedures can result in a
marked increase in clinical signs of DM. Unfortunately, the worsening
caused by surgical stress can be irreversible. Due to the advent of
N-acetylcysteine therapy and being more attentive to the continued
exercise of hospitalized DM patients, we now have been successful in
performing many surgical procedures in these dogs. These have included
cervical and thoracolumbar disc surgery and total hip replacement.
Before aggressive surgeries are considered, it is best to determine
that the patient's neurologic status is stable. Post-operative
physical therapy remains crucial in getting patients on their feet
quickly.

Note: If your dog already has DM, you should consider treatment with
the above natural products and more traditional aminocaproic acid and
acetylcysteine medications. Use the aminocaproic acid and
acetylcysteine for the first 2 months of therapy and then see if they
can be withdrawn (without signs of deterioration). If so, then
continue with the natural approach from that point on.

Link to the Simplified DM Shopping List

A Testimony to the Treatment of DM by Jack Flash

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The Future for DM:
------------------

The key to DM in the future is likely to be prevention. While it may
be necessary to wait for the next generation of GSD to see whether the
principles laid down here work, they can do no harm. Science is only
beginning to understand the fragile nature of DNA and how natural
healing can be hampered by dietary and environmental toxins. The body
is endowed with a tremendous capacity to heal, if we do nothing to
interfere with this process. We are the keepers of our pet's health.
We must empower ourselves to accept this responsibility. Conventional
medicine falls short in the treatment of DM, leading to the need to
pursue other forms of treatment. For more information about the
positive aspects of spontaneous healing, read the book by Andrew Weil,
MD: Spontaneous Healing, Ballantine Books, New York, 1995.

Research Support for Degenerative Myelopathy

Report on State of DM in 1998

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Copyright University of Florida 1998
All Rights Reserved

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