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25 2010
Then There Were Three ===================== Scientists identify multiple species of killer whale
Three diceRather than being a single species, killer whales may actually comprise at least three different species, researchers say. The killer whale is currently classified as one species, Orcinus orca. But there are several “ecotypes” that differ in their diet, appearance, and behavior. To find out whether some of these ecotypes were in fact distinct species, a team analyzed the DNA of 139 killer whale samples from around the world.
Specifically, the researchers examined a type of genetic material called mitochondrial DNA, which is often used to make species classifications. Because of technological advances, the team was able to perform more comprehensive sequencing of mitochondrial DNA than had been possible in the past. Two types of killer whales from the Southern Ocean are likely their own species, along with a third type from the North Pacific, the researchers report in Genome Research. Figuring out the correct taxonomy of these top predators is important, they say, because the designations will affect conservation strategies. – Roberta Kwok
Source: Morin, P.A. et al. 2010. Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species. Genome Research DOI: 10.1101/gr.102954.109. Image © Choppies, iStockPhoto.com
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Apr 23
2010 Going Overboard ===============
Booming cruise industry could bring less eco-friendly tourists to Belize Jumping into oceanCruise tourism in Belize is skyrocketing, with hundreds of thousands of passengers now disembarking on the country’s shores each year. While Belize has typically been touted as an ecotourism spot, cruise passengers may be less environmentally-minded than other types of visitors, according to a study accepted for publication in Ocean and Coastal Management.
The number of cruise tourists arriving in Belize reached 597,370 per year in 2008 – a “staggering” increase of 1,140 percent since 2001, the study says. Cruises have a reputation for being unsustainable because of the large number of tourists they bring, potential impacts on the ocean, and weaker links to the local economy. Overnight and cruise tourists in Belize were surveyed to find out their opinions on conservation issues, such as whether they considered marine protected areas important. While both groups generally agreed with these types of statements, overnight tourists expressed more concern for the environment than cruise tourists on all five questions. Cruise tourists also ranked their cruise company’s environmental ethics as one of the least important factors in their vacation choice, behind safety, price, and cultural experiences.
Surveys suggested that cruise tours sometimes ignored environmental policies, such as a rule restricting the number of tourists per guide in marine protected areas. Belize relies on its natural attractions to bring in ecotourists and divers, the study says, but the cruise industry could put those areas at risk. – Roberta Kwok Source: Diedrich, A. 2010. Cruise ship tourism in Belize: The implications of developing cruise ship tourism in an ecotourism destination. Ocean & Coastal Management DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.04.003.
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20 2010
Toad Rage ========= Overzealous Australians may be mistakenly killing native frogs
Angry driverAustralia has declared all-out war on the invasive cane toad, and some environmentally-conscious citizens will go so far as to hit toads on purpose with their cars. Such well-meaning activities could result in native frogs getting incorrectly identified as toads and killed by “friendly fire,” according to a study in Biological Conservation. To determine whether the public could tell the difference between cane toads (Bufo marinus) and other amphibians, researchers quizzed 1,328 people in Darwin, Australia. The team presented each person with cane toads and various species of native frogs held in glass enclosures, along with photographs of eggs and tadpoles.
People thought that native frogs were toads in 17 percent of cases, and vice versa in 25 percent of cases. Not surprisingly, respondents misidentified eggs and tadpoles more frequently than adult animals. A survey of wildlife agencies and community organizations also revealed that 36 native frog species had been submitted by people who thought the animals were cane toads. Identification error rates went down to 10 to 15 percent if the person had taken a class about toads or participated in a “toad-busting” group, the team found. And organized toad-eradication missions generally don’t allow members to kill amphibians indiscriminately. But citizens with “personal vendettas against cane toads” are still cause for concern, the authors say. – Roberta Kwok
Source: Somaweera, R., Somaweera, N., & R. Shine. 2010. Frogs under friendly fire: How accurately can the general public recognize invasive species? Biological Conservation DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.027. Image © vladacanon, iStockPhoto.com
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Apr 19
2010 In the Red ==========
Ecolabelling may not be worth it for Maine lobster fishery Maine lobsterThese days, many North American fisheries are scrambling to get their seafood certified as sustainable in hopes that the ecolabels will attract consumers. But this expensive practice might not pay off for Maine’s lobster fishery, researchers argue in Marine Policy.
The Maine lobster industry has been suffering on multiple fronts. Prices have gone down as a result of the economic crisis, and restrictions on herring catch have driven the cost of bait up. If the fishery received sustainability certification from the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), some believe, customers might be willing to pay more for its product. To find out whether the investment would be worth it, researchers surveyed 305 people in 42 states across the U.S. About one-third of respondents said that price was the factor most likely to affect their lobster purchases, while 27 percent chose freshness and 18 percent chose taste. In contrast, only 1 percent said that environmental damage or overfishing was the biggest consideration.
People who say they will tolerate a higher price tag for sustainable products “may not actually do so in practice,” the authors write, citing two examples of MSC-labelled seafood that failed in Europe. Instead of pursuing certification, they say, the fishery might lure more customers by emphasizing connections with local fishermen. – Roberta Kwok Source: Goyert, W., Sagarin, R. & J. Annala. 2010. The promise and pitfalls of Marine Stewardship Council certification: Maine lobster as a case study. Marine Policy DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.03.010.
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16 2010
On the Loose ============ Non-native species could escape from Spanish zoos
Open cageA survey of zoos in Spain has revealed that many animal enclosures are not secure, increasing the risk that non-native and invasive species will make their way into the wild. A team studied 63 of Spain’s 83 zoos, evaluating more than 1,500 enclosures. Each enclosure was checked to determine whether proper barriers were in place and whether members of the public were adequately prevented from letting an animal loose. Fourteen percent of the enclosures failed at least one of those tests, according to the report in Biological Invasions.
The researchers found that 141 of the 183 species in the escape-friendly enclosures were non-indigenous. And the most common animals found in these enclosures were birds, which are more likely to elude capture than other species. – Roberta Kwok Source: Fàbregas, M.C., Guillén-Salazar, F., & C. Garcés-Narro. 2010. The risk of zoological parks as potential pathways for the introduction of non-indigenous species. Biological Invasions DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9755-2.
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15 2010
A Lesson Before Dying ===================== Scientists train endangered carnivores to avoid poisonous toads
Stack of booksInvasive cane toads in Australia have been killing off endangered marsupials called northern quolls, who can’t seem to help snacking on this toxic species. So researchers have stepped in by teaching the quolls to associate the toads with sickness. The team spiked dead cane toads with a chemical called thiabendazole and fed them to a group of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus). Because the toads were small, the quolls survived the meal – but the chemical gave them a case of post-dinner nausea. These “toad-smart” animals were then released into the wild, along with “toad-naive” quolls that had not been given the thiabendazole treatment.
Five of the 17 toad-naive male quolls attacked cane toads and died, while only two out of 14 toad-smart males did the same, the team reports in the Journal of Applied Ecology. With the toad-smart training, the daily survival rate increased from 58 to 88 percent in male quolls and from 84 to 94 percent in females. The researchers envision that thiabendazole-tainted toad bait could be air-dropped into quoll territory to teach these marsupials a valuable survival lesson. And the technique could be applied to other endangered animals that are threatened by invasive species, they say. – Roberta Kwok
Source: O’Donnell, S., Webb, J.K., & R. Shine. 2010. Conditioned taste aversion enhances the survival of an endangered predator imperilled by a toxic invader. Journal of Applied Ecology DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01802.x. Image © Liliboas, iStockPhoto.com
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Apr 13
2010 Under the Table ===============
Signs of illegal whale meat trade found at sushi restaurants Chopsticks on dishGenetic analysis of samples from sushi restaurants in the U.S. and Korea suggest that these two countries are illegally receiving whale meat from Japan, according to a study in Biology Letters.
The first set of samples came from a restaurant in Los Angeles and was marketed to “adventurous” consumers. Researchers found that the meat came from a sei whale and shared DNA sequences with Japanese whale products, indicating that the animal may have been hunted as part of Japan’s “scientific whaling” program. The other samples were found in a Seoul restaurant and were identified as Antarctic minke, North Pacific minke, sei, and fin whale, along with Risso’s dolphin. The fin whale sample had the same genetic profile as whale products from a single animal that were previously found in Japanese markets, the team says.
The evidence has since been submitted to authorities, and U.S. federal prosecutors have begun to take action. The authors have also asked the Japanese government to open their DNA registers of hunted whales. By matching restaurant samples to individual animals, they say, illegal trade activities could be confirmed. – Roberta Kwok Source: Baker, C.S. et al. 2010. Genetic evidence of illegal trade in protected whales links Japan with the US and South Korea. Biology Letters DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0239.
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12 2010
Uprooted ======== Valuable mangrove species are at risk of extinction
Mangrove treesClose to a dozen mangrove species are now threatened, and researchers say the loss of these plants could wreak havoc on coastal economies. Mangroves are trees, shrubs, and other large plants that live in intertidal zones. They help prevent erosion, store carbon, supply nutrients to other ecosystems, and house valuable marine species. But many mangrove forests are being cleared for aquaculture and other development, the authors say.
A team assessed the state of 70 mangrove species and found that 11 of them were threatened, according to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria. Along Central America’s coasts, 40 percent of the area’s mangrove species are at risk of extinction, the researchers report in PLoS ONE. Losing these forests could mean trouble for fisheries and water quality, the authors say. And while some mangroves are being replanted, rare species could be harder to restore. – Roberta Kwok
Source: Polidoro, B.A. et al. 2010. The loss of species: Mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PLoS ONE 5(4) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010095. Image © Bygbaby, iStockPhoto.com
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Apr 9
2010 True North ==========
Inuit forecasters guide weather research in Arctic InukshukActing on reports from Inuit elders and hunters, scientists have confirmed that the weather in part of the Arctic is becoming more unpredictable.
Inuit are highly skilled weather forecasters, relying on clues such as precise cloud formations and star colors to predict upcoming conditions. This knowledge, built up over generations, is critical for survival in the harsh Arctic. But recently, some Inuit have noted that their predictions are not as reliable as they once were. Researchers decided to test this assertion by studying 50 years’ worth of temperature records at Baker Lake in Nunavut, Canada. Specifically, they focused on a measure called persistence, or the likelihood that weather conditions on a particular day will continue into the next day.
Starting about 20 years ago, the temperature persistence in spring has declined, the team reports in Global Environmental Change. This timeframe roughly matches up with reports from Inuit, who mark the early 1990s as the beginning of their forecasting woes. The study is an example of how indigenous expertise can direct scientific research, the team says. – Roberta Kwok Source: Weatherhead, E., Gearheard, S., & R.G. Barry. 2010. Changes in weather persistence: Insight from Inuit knowledge. Global Environmental Change DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.02.002.
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9 2010
Trees in Retreat ================ Eastern US forests no longer on the mend
Single leafForests in the eastern US are shrinking again, ending a decades-long period of recovery. Around the early 1900s, eastern forests began to rebound from extensive clear-cutting for agriculture and other industries. People abandoned farms and pastures, leaving the land free for regrowth.
But that trend has now reversed, according to a survey published in BioScience. Using a combination of satellite images, land-cover data, photographs, and other observations, researchers found that forest cover in the East dropped by 4.1 percent between 1973-2000. The loss exceeds 3.7 million hectares, they estimate. The timber industry, urban development, and mountaintop mining are all contributing to the decline, the authors say. Forested areas are also being lost to reservoir construction, which could become more common as water demand rises. While trees are still growing back on old farmland, the team says, those gains are not enough. – Roberta Kwok
Source: Drummond, M.A. & T.R. Loveland. 2010. Land-use pressure and a transition to forest-cover loss in the eastern United States. BioScience 60(4), 286-298. DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.4.7. Image © bibikoff, iStockPhoto.com
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