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Vitamines - Essential Food Factors by Benjamin Harrow =======================================================
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This book is a popular presentation of a subject which concerns every one of us; for vitamines are substances, as yet ill-defined, whose presence in food is essential to our well-being: their absence makes life impossible. And what more pressing problem to-day than that of food! Title
Vitamines - Essential Food Factors Author
Benjamin Harrow Publisher
E. P. Dutton & Company Year
1929 Copyright
1929, E. P. Dutton & Company Amazon
Vitamines, Essential Food Factors Vitamines Essential Food Factors
By Benjamin Harrow, Ph.D, Associate In Physiological Chemistry, College Of Physicians And Surgeons, Columbia University New and Enlarged Edition
Vitamines Essential Food Factors 2 To C. S. H. And M. H.
-Preface
This book is a popular presentation of a subject which concerns
every one of us; for vitamines are substances, as yet
ill-defined, whose presence in food is essential to our
well-being: their absence ...
-Vitamines. Chapter I. Introduction
You burn a piece of wood or coal to get heat; but what makes
your body hotter than the air outside? Why, when the doctor
thrusts a thermometer into you, does the instrument register a
temperature of 9...-Chapter II. Calories
I can buy five pounds of tea from my grocer or a quart of milk
from the dairy; but suppose I go to my coal dealer and ask him
for one ton of heat? He would probably look me over, then look
at his neig...
-Food Values In Terms Of Calories
We have seen how Lavoisier had shown that food in the body
undergoes much the same change that coal does when it is burnt;
in both cases there is a union with oxygen, with the ultimate
production of c...-The Body Furnace
But now the reader may ask another question: If, as you say, the
body in many ways behaves like a furnace, with food serving as
fuel, from which heat is produced, why cannot we find out the
amount of ...
-Man's Energy Requirements
As a matter of fact, basing such experiments on the weight of
the average man - about 160 pounds - the energy requirements do
amount to about 2200 calories, provided he is resting. There
must be grea...-An Army's Food Requirements
The food requirements of an army have always been the subject of
extremely careful investigation. The following figures compiled
during the late war are of interest for two reasons: they show
the comp...
-Starvation
If a body expends energy, that energy must have a source. The
law of conservation of energy teaches us that nothing is created
and nothing destroyed, but things do change. So if the body
needs 3000 ca...-Chapter III. Carbohydrates, Fats And Proteins
We have reached the conclusion that one method of estimating the
needs of the body is to ascertain how much heat the body
liberates. If we assume that for the average, active individual
the heat liber...
-The Function Of The Carbohydrates, Fats And Proteins
As a matter of fact, each class of foodstuff has a very
well-defined function. The carbohydrates are primarily
energy-formers. Our muscular energy is mainly derived from the
carbohydrates we eat. It ...-Minimum Food Requirements
From what has been said regarding the three classes of
foodstuffs, it becomes evident that calories do not represent
the sum total of nutritional requirements. Besides a sufficient
number of calories,...
-Nitrogen Equilibrium
There is another way of attacking the problem of protein
requirement - a more scientific way. But before we describe
this, a few preliminary observations become necessary. The
reader will remember wh...-Nitrogen Equilibrium. Continued
The gratifying results obtained in Denmark during the war by
feeding the people little protein diet, as suggested by Dr.
Hindhede, look like a victory for those who urge a low protein
diet. Unquestion...
-Chaptee IV. Mineral Matter
When you burn a piece of coal or paper or wood you always have
some ash left. The housewife and the stoker consider the ash
nothing but a nuisance. It cannot be burnt and therefore is of
no heat value...-Calcium And Phosphorus
The skeleton of bone largely consists of a substance to which
chemists give the name calcium phosphate, which, judging by its
name, evidently contains calcium and phosphorus. Here, then, we
can point ...
-Chapter V. Water And Oxygen
Water The struggles in life are largely struggles to satisfy
part of our food requirements. The other part the slum dweller
gets as easily as the owner of a Fifth Avenue mansion. That
other part is...-Condiments, Flavors And Stimulants
Look into a rotisserie window and notice how it makes your mouth
water. Making your mouth water is a fact, not a fiction.
Psychical influences in stimulating digestion are extremely
important, as ...
-Alcohol
The best known, the best hated and the best loved stimulant is
alcohol (the grain or drinking alcohol as distinguished from the
wood alcohol). Some who see in alcohol only a substance which
has been...-Chapter VI. Amino-Acids
Having surveyed rather rapidly the various substances that
function as foods; having shown that the calorific value gives
incomplete information; having shown the importance of a
judicious distributio...
-Gelatin
Early in the last century, long before a science of nutrition
had been founded, the importance of protein in the diet was
recognized. But so also was the recognition that protein is the
most expensive...-Amino-Acids
It was subsequently discovered by Emil Fischer and others -
that the proteins are made up of chemical units in much the same
way that words are made up of letters; and just as the twenty
odd letters...
-Why Gelatin Is A Poor Type Of Protein
But now it is time to turn back to our gelatin. A careful
analysis of this protein has shown that two of the commonest
amino-acids - so common that they are found in most of the other
proteins - are m...-The Amino-Acid Content Of Proteins
Let us present the reader with some quantitative studies. Turn
to page 189 and examine the percentage of amino-acids isolated
from various proteins. What does such a list show? Some of the
proteins d...
-Drs. Osborne And Mendel's Experiments
They selected white rats for their experiments, for a number of
reasons. Rats are small, easy to handle and multiply rapidly.
They usually live not more than three years and 280 days
suffices to comp...-Animal And Vegetable Proteins Compared
Now turn your attention to chart 2. A diet consisting of the
protein casein (found in milk) which, as you may gather from
the table in the Appendix, does not contain the amino-acid
glycocoll, caused ...
-The Feeding Of Farm Animals
Of equal and perhaps even more immediate consequence are these
studies to animal production in agriculture. Let me quote Drs.
Osborne and Mendel: Corn forms the cheapest basis for the
feeding of farm...-The Biological Value Of Various Proteins
The following among the proteins so far tried, when used in
suitable concentration, have induced normal growth in rats.
Evidently all the essential amino-acids in suitable proportions
are present in t...
-Chapter VII. Glycogen Or Animal Starch
The value of a protein we have seen is specified only when
stated in terms of its amino-acid content. The protein itself is
complex in chemical structure, but the units out of which it is
built, the a...-Carbohydrates
Let us deal with the carbohydrates first. They are chemically a
much simpler variety of substance than the proteins. Some of
them, such as starch and cane sugar, are, however, still too
complicated to...
-Glycogen
The three simple sugars, on the other hand, immediately proceed
to the liver as soon as they are absorbed by the blood. There in
some unknown way they are all converted to one substance,
glycogen or a...-The Value Of Milk Sugar In Infant Feeding
Still, some comments are necessary. In mother's milk we find
milk sugar. This milk sugar is found in the milk even though no
such sugar is included in the mother's diet. Evidently then the
milk sugar ...
-Chapter VIII. Soap And Glycerin
The reader may wander from the heading of this chapter what a
cleansing agent and a source for explosives have to do with the
foods we eat. We counsel patience. Do you perhaps recall that
story about...-Chapter IX. Vitamines
Milk, an excellent food for infants and growing animals,
contains protein (casein), fat, carbohydrate (milk sugar) and
inorganic salts. The protein if given in sufficient quantity
contains all the nee...
-The Function Of Vitamines
But what is the function of these vitamines? If fats and
carbohydrates supply the fuel, and proteins the material for
tissue supply, and mineral salts are needed for bone
construction, etc., just what...-The Nutritive Value Of Different Fats Compared
Osborne, Mendel and McCollum went even further. They showed that
while the fat from egg yolk and codliver oil, and, to a certain
extent, beef fat, could successfully replace butter fat, neither
olive ...
-Fat-Soluble A And Water-Soluble B
Later on Dr. McCollum and others showed that wheat, and
particularly yeast, was very rich in this second vitamine, which
we shall call water-soluble B, in distinction to the first
vitamine, which we s...-An Adequate Diet
From what has been said we may now formulate our revised
conception of an adequate diet. The diet must contain, in
addition to the long recognized dietary factors - viz.: protein,
a source of energy ...
-Chapter X. Vitamines And Plant Growth. Auximones
In the summer of 1912 the author well remembers how he and
others were impressed with a remarkable lecture delivered by
Professor Gabriel Bertrand, of the Sorbonne, Paris, on the
effect upon the growt...-Chapter XI. Vitamines And Beriberi
Beriberi Symptoms Beriberi is a disease which at one time was
particularly common among oriental people, though by no means
unknown outside of Asia. Its final stage takes the form of a
general paraly...
-"Polished" Rice And Beriberi
At this point it must be explained that in the original state
the rice proper is surrounded by a skin, the pericarp, which may
be white, or yellow, or red, or nearly black, or any combination
of these...-Vitamines And Beriberi. Continued
Diseases Due To Dietary Deficiencies In 1906, Professor Hopkins,
a physiologist and bio-chemist said, No animal can live on a
mixture of pure protein, fat and carbohydrate, and even when the
necessa...
-Chapter XII. Vitamines And Rickets
Professor McCollum's researches, described in Chapter IX
(Vitamines), have shown us that there are at least two distinct
vitamines, fat-soluble A and water-soluble B. The latter is
identical with the ...-Absence Of Fat-Soluble A Vitamine Gives Rise To Rickets
Dr. Mellanby fed puppies with separated milk, wheat bread,
linseed oil, yeast, orange or lemon juice and salt. They
developed rickets within six weeks. The diet was ample in
calorific content, Its foo...
-Chapter XIII. Vitamines And Scurvy
Scurry is a disease that was common enough at one time among
sailors, and often enough breaks out even to-day in
famine-stricken districts. The symptoms may best be described by
quoting Stefanson, the...-Vitamines And Scurvy. Part 2
Dr. Barlow's Treatment The cases of infantile scurvy that Sir
Thomas Barlow describes are those of children who had never been
breast-fed, but had received proprietary infant foods, condensed
milk an...
-Vitamines And Scurvy. Part 3
In this connection the clinical experiences of Drs. Hess and
Fish are instructive. Early in 1914 an outbreak of infantile
scurvy occurred in the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, New York. The
infants afflicted h...-Chapter XIV. Vitamines And Pellagra
We no longer have any doubt that beriberi and scurvy are
diseases due to vitamine deficiency. We still have some doubts
regarding rickets; but the doubt here is not so much whether
rickets results fro...
-Chapter XV. Vitamines. Summary. Practical Applications
Instinct and experience combined guided us in our choice of food
long before there was anything like a science of nutrition. The
studies of our generation have confirmed what instinct and
experience h...-The Function Of The Vitamines
If carbohydrates supply energy, and proteins, material for
tissue repair, what does the vitamine supply? We really cannot
answer this question very satisfactorily. Some liken vitamines
to enzymes as b...
-Diseases Due To Lack Of Vitamines In The Diet
At least two common diseases have been definitely identified
with vitamine deficiency. One of them is beriberi, involving a
general paralysis of the system, and due to lack of
water-soluble B; and the...-A Wholesome Diet
We shall attempt to give no 101 recipes, but to draw a few
general inferences from our discussion. In planning our diet we
ought, wherever possible, plan it around milk as the nucleus.
Milk, as we hav...
-Diet For The Nursing Mother
To emphasize not merely a plentiful, but a carefully selected
diet for the nursing mother seems almost superfluous. The
healthy mother has not only an abundant supply of milk, but a
milk of good quali...-Vegetarianism
The vegetarians who eat milk and eggs are not vegetarians,
strictly speaking. No diet including milk and eggs is a
deficient diet, provided always that enough of them is taken.
Meat and fish need neve...
-Vitamines in Bread
Next to milk perhaps the commonest of our foodstuffs is bread.
As already stated in a discussion on cereals, bread is rich in
carbohydrates and contains moderate quantities of proteins (see
Appendix)....-Vitamines in Fruit And Vegetables
The value of these foods has already been pointed out. In this
country we derive about 15 per cent of our total calorific value
of the food from fruit and vegetables. This could safely be
higher. In c...
-Vitamines in Various Food Groups
Fish Though poor in vitamine content, fish is rich in protein
and fat, and in that respect compares favorably with meat. Meat
Where dairy products are plentiful - where milk and butter and
cheese a...-Fashion In Foods
We must be careful in advocating certain diets to remember that
man is not altogether a machine. The results of experiments in
physiology and chemistry cannot always be applied in their
entirety. You ...
-The Future of Foods
The solution of the food problem does not rest merely with the
physiologists and clinicians, who sort out the foods and tell us
that one food is more wholesome than another. This is important
enough, ...-Appendix A. Table Of Composition And Calorie Value Of The More
Important Foods Adopted By The Interallied Scientific Food Commission
Commodity. Protein. % Fat. % Energy value per kilo. Calories.
Cereals - Wheat and barley flour .......... 11.5 1.0 3,640 ...
-Dr. Funk's Classification Of The Vitamines
Antirachitic (Fat-Soluble A) Vitamine Animals that can be used
for experimental purposes: rats and dogs (puppies). The disease
can be induced in these animals by feeding them with a synthetic
diet in...-Proteins. Composition Per Cent Of Amino-Acids Isolated From Various
Proteins
Gliadin - Rye Gliadin - Wheat Hordein - Barley Zein - Maize
Legumin - Vetch Legumin - Cow pea Salmin - Salmon Edestin - Hemp
Excelsin - Brazil nut ...
-The Distribution Of The Three Accessory Factors In The Commoner
Foodstuffs
(Compiled by the British Medical Research Committee) Classes of
foodstuff Fat-soluble A or antirachitic factor Water-soluble E
or anti-neuritic (anti-beriberi) factor Antiscorbut...-Some Facts Concerning Nutrition, For The Guidance Of Those Engaged In
Administration Of Food Relief To Famine-Stricken Districts
Recent research has shown that the requirements of the human
organism as regards diet cannot be met entirely by an adequate
supply of protein, fat, carbohydrate, inorganic salts, and
water. It has the...
-Distribution And Properties Of The Accessory Factors
(1) Antineuritic Or Antiberiberi Factor (Water-Soluble B Growth
Factor Of The Americans) This vitamine prevents the occurrence
of beriberi in man and analogous diseases in animals. It is also
neces...-Practical Application Of The Foregoing Facts To The Prevention Of
Disease
(1) Prevention Of Beriberi It is unlikely that any danger of
beriberi will arise among the famine-threatened districts of
Eastern Europe as long as wholemeal flour from rye, wheat,
barley, maize, or ...
-References
Calories The general subject of calories is treated in all
text-books of physics. For an admirable and at the same time
elementary treatment, R. A. Millican and H. G. Gale's Practical
Physics (Ginn &...-References. Continued
Beriberi The story up to 1913 is discussed by E. P. Vedder in
book on beriberi. C. Eijkman's classical paper appeared in the
Archiv fur patholo-gische Anatomie, volume 149, page 197, 1897.
Scarcely...
-Appendix B. Nutritional Experiments
Experimental Methods During the past four years the author, in
conjunction with Dr. Miller and Mr. Karshan, and under the
supervision of Prof. Gies, has carried out a series of
nutritional experiment...-The Effect Of An Exclusive Fat Diet
Weight on the first day: A 120 B 1254 For five days both sets
were fed on a regular diet. At the end of the fifth day: A 129 B
134 From now on B was fed on beef fat exclusively. On the 25
day: ...
-The Effect Of An Exclusive Bread Diet
Six rats per set. Weight on the first day: A 85 B 84 For four
days both A and B were fed on the regular diets. At the end of
the fourth day: A 97 B 98 B were now fed on bread alone. On the
75 day:...-The Effect Of An Exclusive Potato Diet
Six rats per set. Weight on first day: A 71 B 73 For four days
both A and B were fed on the regular diet. At the end of the
fourth day: A 89 B 89 B were now fed on potatoes alone. On the
30 day: ...
-The Effect Of An Exclusive Milk Diet (B) Using Adult Rats
Four rats per set. Weight on first day: A 255 B 254 For three
days both A and B were fed on the regular diet. At the end of
the third day: A 260 B 261 B were now fed on milk alone. On the
43 day: ...-Comparison Of "Synthetic Diet" And "Synthetic Diet" Minus Salt
Mixture
Six rats per set. Weight on the first day: A 76 B 80 For five
days both A and B were fed on the synthetic diet. On the 5 day:
A 90 B 94 From now on A was fed on the synthetic and B on the
syn...
-Comparison Of "Synthetic Diet" And "Gelatin Synthetic Diet." Also,
The Effect Of Vitamine B (In The Form Of Yeast)
The chapter on amino-acids (page 52) has shown that different
proteins have not the same biological value. Casein, for
example, is a superior protein to gelatin. In the preparation of
synthetic diets...-Comparison Of "Synthetic Diet" And "Synthetic Diet" Plus Yeast
The Effect of Vitamine. Seven rats per set. Weight on the first
day: 178 5 76 For four days both A and B were fed on the regular
diet. At the end of the fourth day: A 100 B 91 Both A and B were
no...
-Appendix C. Review Of Recent Literature
A survey of the literature during the past year reveals that two
types of problems have been uppermost in the minds of
investigators. One group were eager to add to our knowledge of
rickets and pellag...-Vitamines And Rickets
On page 136 there is a sentence which reads that the consensus
of opinion is that fat-soluble A is a vital factor in health,
and that its absence in a diet is one of the causative factors
in the deve...
-Difficulty Of Getting Diets Free From Vitamine A (Fat-Soluble A)
Many workers, the author among them, have noticed that rats fed
on a diet presumably free from vitamine A, grew for a
considerable time before decline set in. This is in striking
contrast to the rapid...-The Nutritive Value Of Lard
Ever since research on the vitamines began, lard has almost
invariably been used in synthetic diets as a source of fat free
from vitamine A. To explain the absence of this vitamine in lard
has alway...
-Is Vitamine A Related To Animal And Vegetable Pigments?
Dr. Steenbock was the first to suggest a relationship between
pigments and vitamine A: wherever there were pigments,
particularly such as are found in abundance in the plant world,
there was vitamine ...-Beriberi And Water-Soluble B (Vitamine B)
The connection of beriberi and vitamine B is as close as ever,
so that nothing that has been said on beriberi needs
modification. Beriberi, writes Dr. Hess, is the main factor in
the exceedingly hi...
-Scurvy And Water-Soluble C (Vitamine C)
What has been said regarding the effect of heat and oxidation on
vitamine A may now be repeated with respect to vitamine C (and
probably with respect to vitamine B, though not so much work has
been do...-Vitamines And Plant Growth
With the development of the subject of vitamines, attempts have
been made to trace the origin of these elusive substances. It is
now pretty well conceded that the animal cannot synthesize
vitamines; a...
-Vitamines And Pellagra
The etiology of pellagra still awaits solution. Some there are
who still talk of its infectious origin; others, in larger
numbers, talk of dietary deficiencies, among which proteins and
vitamines loom...-General References 2
C. Funk: The Vitamines (Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore,
1922). W. H. Eddy: The Vitamine Manual (Williams and Wilkins
Co., Baltimore, 1921). H. C. Sherman: The Vitamins.
Physiological Reviews,...
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